In the past few years, we've seen governments use tariffs not just for protectionism, but as tools for industrial strategy, climate enforcement, and geopolitical leverage.
For businesses, this means rising costs, shifting trade routes, and increasing pressure to adapt.
With long-term volatility expected, ERP systems are a critical tool for real-time visibility, adaptive planning, and resilient execution across procurement, logistics, and compliance.
Recent tariffs & trade policy shifts explained.
U.S. tariff policy updates (2022–2025)
Over the past several years- particularly since 2022, the U.S. has recalibrated tariffs under Section 301 and Section 232, with particular focus on Chinese imports, semiconductors, electric vehicles, and rare earths. The Inflation Reduction Act and CHIPS Act introduced new domestic incentives that indirectly penalize foreign sourcing to foster domestic growth.
In April 2025, President Donald Trump announced a comprehensive tariff policy, imposing a universal 10% tariff on nearly all imports to the United States, with certain countries facing even higher rates. This policy, referred to as “Liberation Day,” aims to address trade imbalances and encourage domestic manufacturing. The tariffs have significant implications for global supply chains, affecting sourcing strategies, production costs, and international trade relations.
These changes have caused cost escalations and redirected sourcing to countries outside affected tariff schedules.
EU and global responses
The EU, in response, pursued a multi-pronged strategy that includes the implementation of retaliatory tariff schedules under WTO dispute frameworks and the introduction of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism to impose equivalent carbon costs on imported goods.
The EU has also accelerated the renegotiation of trade agreements with Mercosur, ASEAN, and Australia to secure preferential access and reduce dependency on U.S. linked supply chains.
Globally, trading blocs such as the CPTPP and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership have gained traction as alternative frameworks for tariff mitigation and regional integration.
Nearshoring and regional trade realignment
The changes led manufacturers to move production to regions like Mexico and SEA to reduce exposure to tariff costs and risk tied to long-distance sourcing.
While this lowers some cost pressures, it adds complexity across operations—procurement, production planning, and logistics now have to account for new suppliers, different regulatory requirements, and regional compliance standards, forcing companies to revisit contracts, supplier onboarding, and customs documentation to match the new structure.
What is the immediate effect of tariffs?
Tariffs immediate increase the cost of imported goods. This leads to higher prices for consumers and businesses, potential shifts in supply chains, and increased costs for manufacturers relying on foreign-SOURCED components.
For CFOs and supply chain leaders, the first impact shows up in the landed cost of goods. Duties increase procurement spend, which tightens margins unless you can pass costs downstream.
On the operational side, customs requirements lead to longer lead times, which in turn force companies to carry more inventory to avoid stockouts. That ties up working capital. And because tariffs change frequently, the assumptions in your planning models are often out of date before a quarter ends.
Which industries face the highest tariff-related disruptions?
Manufacturing
Manufacturers with complex multi-country bills of materials (BOMs), are hit on several fronts. Tariffs increase input costs, break vendor contracts, and disrupt synchronized production flows. This can seriously affect manufacturers in industries with just-in-time production models, leading to missed delivery windows, idle assembly lines, or expensive last-minute substitutions.
Companies can no longer assume predictability in sourcing and need to continuously adapt their supplier networks while maintaining their flow of production and quality control. This means that they have to qualify alternative suppliers, navigate multiple trade agreements, and maybe even adjust component specs in order to remain compliant. Managing BOM becomes more complex, especially without integrated systems to manage these changes.
Tech & electronics
Components like semiconductors and lithium batteries are not only expensive to reroute but also subject to export controls and dual-use regulations. When tariffs are imposed, companies must often redesign entire product lines or change subassemblies to qualify for preferential treatment under trade agreements. In response, tech companies often have to redesign products or restructure subassemblies to quality for favorable treatment under new trade agreements. This is not only a headache for logistics operators, but creates a challenge for product development as well.
Retail
Retailers importing finished goods—especially from Asia—face price hikes and delays that affect anything from shelf availability to promotions. With fast-fashion cycles and narrow seasonal windows, delays can make or break an entire collection.
Even small changes in tariff rates can affect margins at the SKU level. This forces frequent recalculations in pricing, forecasting, and promotional planning, often across thousands of items. This forces retailers to react, reconfiguring category budgets, adjusting in-season markdown strategies, and revalidating demand forecasts that were built on now-obsolete landed cost assumptions.
And when so many price changes are made, these changes also need to be reflected in POS systems, ecommerce platforms, and marketing materials which can be a complex and time-sensitive process that requires the collaboration of finance, merchandising, and operations teams. Without centralized systems and automation, retail organizations risk inconsistent pricing, delayed launches, and customer dissatisfaction.
How do tariffs disrupt the supply chain?
Rising costs from import tariffs and duties
Tariffs affect the total cost of ownership, throwing off procurement budgets and forecasting models. They can trigger increases in freight insurance premiums and increase costs related to documentation requirements and more. This forces finance teams to recalculate landed costs across multiple SKUs, to renegotiate payment terms with suppliers, and to deal with delayed reimbursements or longer payment cycles. Budget planning becomes reactive rather than proactive, opening it up to error. Beyond financial issues, tariffs also slow-down decision-making and can obscure which product lines or markets are truly profitable.
Shifting sourcing strategies and production locations
In order to reduce the effects of tariffs, companies often choose to move sourcing or manufacturing to lower-cost countries. However, this can make operations more complex as changes need to be made to planning, new quality assurance protocols need to be implemented, data may not be synchorized, and new supply agreements need to be signed. Moving to another country also opens up the door to new regulations whether related to labor or environment and requiring local compliance expertise.
Increased logistics complexity and shipping delays
Tariff regimes often go hand-in-hand with increased customs scrutiny. That means longer processing times at ports, more inspections, and unpredictable delays, especially when rules are applied inconsistently. This affects routing decisions and may cause fluctuating shipping schedules, limited cargo space, and changing documentation requirements that can vary by country and even by port. This logistics nightmare can delay time-to-market, particularly affecting companies that sell perishable or seasonal goods or who have time-sensitive launches.
Supplier relationship disruptions
Cost increases and uncertainty may cause contracts to be reevaluated, forcing renegotiations, strained partnerships and even supplier exits.This requires companies to search for new vendors who comply with all necessary regulations and can lead to supply interruptions that can damage the company's reputation.
Reduced global competitiveness
Longer lead times and higher costs make it harder to compete in international markets, particularly for price-sensitive sectors. This erosion of margin and responsiveness can reduce market share over time. This particularly affects small or medium-sized companies who will find it more difficult to absorb volatility. In sectors such as consumer electronics or fashion, this translates directly to missed sales cycles.
Decline in aggregate demand
Increased prices do more than impact suppliers, they affect consumers too. When costs rise, spending slows, especially for non-essential items.When demand falls, production is reduced and companies need to figure out what to do with excess inventory. Retailers and manufacturers may struggle with markdowns, write-offs, and shrinking margins.
Do tariffs always negatively impact supply chain profitability?
Not necessarily. For domestic producers with strong local supply chains, tariffs can create temporary pricing power by putting imports at a disadvantage. Some organizations use this window to gain market share or reinvest in local capacity.
However, this benefit comes with conditions. The upside only lasts if those producers can scale quickly, meet demand reliably, and keep costs under control. Labor shortages, outdated infrastructure, or inflexible supply contracts can limit the ability to seize these gains. Customer expectations around quality, pricing, and availability also don't change, and if domestic companies can't deliver, the window of opportunity closes quickly.